Bilevel Optimization for Bunching Mitigation and Eco-Driving of Electric Bus Lines

The problems of bus bunching mitigation and the energy management groups vehicles have traditionally been treated separately in literature formulated two different frameworks. present work bridges this gap by formulating optimal control problem line eco-driving regularity as a smooth, multi-objective nonlinear program . Since nonlinear program has only few coupling variables, it is shown how can be solved parallel aboard each bus, such that marginal amount computations need to carried out centrally. This procedure leverages structure enabling reducing communication loads between buses, which makes resolution scalable terms number buses. Closed-loop then achieved embedding xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">model predictive control Stochastic simulations based on real passengers travel times data are realized for several scenarios with levels electric Our method achieves fast recoveries regular headways well savings up 9.3% when compared traditional holding or speed baselines.